The Seven Wonders of the Ansient World free essay sample

15 Oct 2009 Sample Essay: 7 Wonders of the Ancient World Introduction The seven miracles of the old world is a rundown of significant structures an extraordinary Greek history specialist called Herodotus composed, more than 2,000 years back. They are seven since he just expounded on the best structures he knew, he didn't know a lot of Asia and the Americas. Individuals have consistently wanted to make records. Records are records of imperative spots, spots, individuals or occasions. Around 2,000 500 years back a Greek student of history named Herodotus is said to have made a rundown of what he thought were the best structures on the planet. His rundown of spots got known as the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. A marvel is an inclination made by something unusual and stunning. It’s made when one sees or feels something uncommon and sudden. In spite of the fact that there are a few miracles on the planet there are seven which are perceived as being old. We will compose a custom article test on The Seven Wonders of the Ansient World or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The incredible pyramids of Egypt These are the structures most connected with Egypt. They are found at a spot called Giza which is a necropolis of old Memphis (Ancient marvels of the world). The pyramid age, which has a life expectancy of more than 4,000 years, started when structures started to manifest inside the third tradition under the rules of Djoser. It is accepted the shape represented the ancient meadow from which they accepted life developed. The greater sizes of these pyramids represent the forces which were vested upon the Pharaohs, the force and achievement of their nation. The draping nurseries of Babylon They are otherwise called the hanging nurseries of Semiramis. It was worked by Nebuchadnezzar II in 200 BCE, to satisfy his darling spouse Semiramis. Truly the Garden was 100 feet in length by 100 feet wide and worked in levels to look like a theater (The seven miracles of the antiquated world). There is a major uncertainty among history specialists and archeologists if this heaven at any point existed. It is accepted that this nursery was worked in a Mesopotamian desert. The nursery was inundated by the River Euphrates by the utilization of chain siphons. The sculpture of Zeus at Olympia This is a situated model of Zeus who was the lord of the Greek divine beings. It estimated 39 feet tall. It was made by an extraordinary stone worker called Phidias, and raised in the Zeus sanctuary in 432 BC at Olympia. It is made of plated Bronze and Ivory (Romer, John p48). There are numerous fantasies to the reason for its pulverization; some case that it was obliterated by the lauseion fire in 475 while others state it ignited with the sanctuary in 425 AD (The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World). The sanctuary of Artemis at Ephesus This is a holy place worked by a draftsman named Theodorus. It was 300 feet long and 150 feet in tallness. It was worked for the Greek goddess of ripeness called Ephesus Artemis. The sanctuary was the pride of Ephesus until one man named Herostratus set the sanctuary ablaze. This sanctuary offered a spot for love of this goddess by the Greek. In spite of the fact that it was decimated its significance made the individuals assemble it back severally, despite the fact that it was at long last obliterated in an assault in 262 BC. Right now place where the structure stood is a damp field. A solitary segment is worked to remind visitors its reality as an old miracle. The sepulcher at Halicarnassus This is an extraordinary burial chamber worked by sovereign Artemisia as ascribe to her better half lord Mausolus. Due to its magnificence and claim to fame it got one of the seven old miracles. The Colossus of Rhodes After the passing of Alexander the extraordinary, his officers battled seriously to assume control over this realm. Ptolemy, Antigous and Seleucus figured out how to isolate the realm among them. Since Ptolemy got a lot of help from the individuals of the Rhode Island, Antigous turned out to be furious to such an extent that he sent his child Demetrius to rebuff the inhabitants of the island. In spite of the fact that Demetrius had a huge armed force, he was vanquished by the Rhodians who were keen (Clayton, Peter A. p60). To praise their triumph, they chose to assemble an enormous sculpture of the god Helios. It remained more than 30 meters high creation it probably the tallest sculpture of the old world. The beacon of Alexandria This is a pinnacle worked in third century, on the Pharos Island in Egypt to fill in as the Islands land mark. It is trusted it was destroyed due to a seismic tremor in 1303 AD. End The incredible pyramids are utilized for research; this exploration is completed to know the historical backdrop of the antiquated Egypt. By considering these pyramids one becomes acquainted with the lifestyle, culture and convictions of the Egyptian.

Government And School Essays - Education Economics, Competition

Government And School School decision will improve instruction in America. Government funded schools are terribly wasteful, and are not instructing a considerable lot of America's adolescents satisfactorily. Schools that are run free from nearby government organization give better training at lower cost. School decision would permit more understudies to join in better schools. School decision is an intense instructive change that is unmistakably more powerful than expanded spending. The feelings of dread of adversaries of school decision are authentically unwarranted. School decision is important to improve American instruction. Through permitting increasingly parental decision in instruction, school decision powers instruction into a free market condition. As it is currently, guardians send kids to the closest school, doled out to them by the school region. In the event that a family is well off enough and decides to do as such, guardians can send youngsters to private schools. In any case, this family at that point pays twice for one instruction. They despite everything pay their expenses, and they pay the educational cost for the tuition based school. Under a school decision plan, any parent who chooses to send their youngster to a tuition based school will get a grant from the administration, redeemable for educational cost at grant tolerating tuition based schools. The grant dollar sum is far underneath that of the normal expense per understudy every year at government funded schools, however would permit a great many guardians who can't by and by manage the cost of private educational cost to do as such. On the off chance that a school performed ineffectively, guardians would decide to evacuate their youngsters, and afterward send to them to better schools. On the off chance that a school started losing every one of its understudies, and in this manner all its subsidizing, the school would want to improve. Under the current framework, government schools get your cash whether they are working admirably or not. Milton Friedman was one of the primary individuals to propose a school decision plan. Since he did as such over 25 year back, support has extended quickly. Notwithstanding, hardly any designs for school decision have really been instituted. The city of Milwaukee authorized a program structured by future decision symbol Polly Williams. She posed the straightforward yet splendid inquiry, Why not permit charge dollars to go to the schools that are working? (Harmer, 162) The arrangement doesn't permit strict schools to partake, and permits just low-pay kids to take part. Schools that partake can have close to 49% of their understudies are grant getting understudies. The very restricted scale show has had little impact on Milwaukee state funded schools, yet has empowered numerous understudies to go to better schools. The quantity of understudies in the decision program has developed consistently, in 1990 there were 341, in 1994 there were 846. (McGroarty, 36) In California in 1993, the Parental Choice in Education Initiative was put on the voting form. The activity was crushed by more than 2 to 1. Be that as it may, defenders were outspent by a factor of 4 to 1. Associations, for example, the AFL-CIO, Nation Training Association, and California Teachers affiliation raised over $17 million. Advocates raised just $4.1 million, and were left with just $2.5 million once they got the activity on the polling form. (Harmer, 147) Demonstrators endeavored to truly keep individuals from marking the petitions to get the activity on the voting form. Individuals purposely marked the request on various occasions to hamper school decision endeavors. One individual marked multiple times. Standards and instructors sent home enemy of school decision data with kids. Educational committees, for example, that of the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD), unlawfully utilized open assets and discussions to send an enemy of decision message. From the viewpoint of wealthy Washington, D.C. rural areas, a school decision plan may appear to be pointless. Decision plans are not intended to support the upper-center or privileged youngsters. David Harmer stated, In my movements as leader of the Excellence through Decision in Education League (ExCEL), I seldom met rich white rural Republicans who were frantic for elective schools. (Harmer, 114) They as of now get decent instruction from government schools. Notwithstanding, provincial poor and downtown kids don't have that extravagance. For instance, in the city of Milwaukee, as it were 40% of rookie will in the long run move on from secondary school, and the normal GPA for understudies is a D+. (McGroarty, 30) School decision plans would help these understudies the most. The individuals generally associated with the instruction framework are the ones who most effectively understand the issues of government schools. The Wall Street Diary composed that, The California State Census Data Center, after examining the 1990 Census, found that about 18.2% of the state's government funded school instructors send their youngsters to tuition based schools. That is about double the statewide normal for all family units, which is 9.7% (Harmer, 28) College placement test

From Childhood to Adulthood in Updikes A&P Essay -- A&P Essays Sammy

From Childhood to Adulthood in Updike's A&P Sammy is stuck in that troublesome progress among adolescence and adulthood. He is a nineteen-year-old clerk at an A&P, the hero in a story with a similar name. John Updike, the writer of A&P, composes from Sammy's perspective, making him the principle character as well as the primary individual storyteller. The tone of the story is set by Sammy's disposition, which is emotionless however honest - he calls things as he sees them. There is a trace of mockery in Sammy's contemplations, for he will in general make unrefined references to all that he watches. Updike utilizes this theme to build up the character of Sammy, the same number of these references identify with play. Sammy is not, at this point a youngster, however quite a bit of what he watches he depicts as the play that he did as a kid. The manner in which he thinks can likewise be portrayed as untainted play, as far as his being ill bred and expecting to flaunt. Updike illustrates, in any case, that Sammy wants to be thought of as a grown-up, and a considerable lot of his references are to the sort of play that grown-ups may take part in. Sammy, in the same way as other grown-ups, doesn't think in what is viewed as a grown-up way, however Updike utilizes the plot's peak and end to show that Sammy has taken in an extreme exercise that will accelerate his change into adulthood. Sammy starts to play from the second he looks at three young ladies who enter the A&P one moderate summer Thursday evening during the mid 1960s. He thinks of a name, in view of appearance, for every one of the scarcely dressed young ladies. He epithets them as youngsters do to make jokes about each other. Ronald E. McFarland depicts how this ridiculing indicate[s] his youthfulness and absence of empathy (99). Sammy ridicules clients too: McFarl... ...ammy's case, it is incited by this occurrence at the A&P, which he will presumably always remember. His stomach sort of fell as [he] felt how hard the world would have been to [him] from that point (31). He discovers that life is certainly not a game and that individuals, particularly bosses, can't be played. Fun is positively adequate, however not when it is disparaging or rude to others. Works Cited Day, Frank. John Updike Revisited. New York, NY: Twayne Publishers, 1998. McFarland, Ronald E. Updike and the Critics: Reflections on 'A&P.' Studies in Short Fiction 20.2-3 (1983): 95-100. Shaw, Patrick W. Looking at Faith and Lust: Hawthorne's 'Young Goodman Brown' and Updike's 'A&P.' Studies in Short Fiction 23.3 (1988): 321-323. Updike, John. A&P. Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. Robert DiYanni. fifth ed. New York, NY: McGraw, 2002. 27-31.

Analyzing the Diversity of Cultural Ideas and Perspectives

Analyzing the Diversity of Cultural Ideas and PerspectivesCultural analysis essay topics will be a great help to students who are taking the course as part of their academic credits. This is a good way for the students to further learn about how a person develops their way of thinking and believing with the current era in which they live. This topic has so many methods and perspectives to consider, but it is best that the focus of a student's focus on what that person considers the most crucial to their lives.When it comes to choosing cultural analysis essay topics, the best way to get the best one is to consider what aspects you want to cover. The students must know how they want to learn about various things about culture, especially how they want to bring this to the fore in their academic studies. One way of learning how to develop this aspect in a student is to determine how they feel when they are with their family and friends.The student must feel that they can relax in those situations. Most of these students have been placed in a community college setting, where they will be spending most of their time. They will be interacting with their peers and sometimes even with some teachers and administrators. This will be considered by the student to be a major source of pressure to them, since it is a communal setting where they will be observed.This should not be any concern for the student since they have already been placed in a social atmosphere and they are already accustomed to it. However, the cultural differences are still influencing the way the student thinks. This is the reason why the cultural analysis essay topics should pay attention to the social atmosphere, since it will guide the readers' understanding of the student's thoughts, feelings and opinions on the topics that are being studied.When the student is in the situation of interacting with their peers, the diversity of culture should also be taken into consideration because this will influ ence the way they think about the various aspects of cultural diversity. The student must be aware of the types of cultural ideas that he or she has had, the people around him or her or their culture, and how he or she has learned to relate with other people in the same world. In some cultures, having to do with customs and traditions and the way of life, they are very specific. Aside from this, it is also seen to be an important part of culture.Many people may wonder how culture will help the student to understand the world that they are living in when it comes to cultural analysis essay topics. The students should know how they feel about their country, even if they do not belong to it. This is because their view of the world and their opinions of certain points will be dependent on the place that they have been brought up in. If the student grew up in a house where there was high cultural diversity, he or she will be able to see the different perspectives of the various cultures. With all the different cultural variations of the world, the student will see how they can use the influences of their upbringing to understand the perspectives of other cultures. This will also be useful for students who have been placed in a community college setting, because the diversity of ideas will help them understand each other. It is possible that they will be able to understand each other better through the diversity of perspectives.As previously mentioned, the main goal of cultural analysis essay topics is to help the students understand the diversity of viewpoints from different cultures. However, this can also help the students develop their own perspectives. This will make them have a better understanding of themselves and how they want to deal with other people and situations.

Marketing mix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Showcasing blend - Essay Example All these recommend that the idea of advertising blend has developed after some time as the 4Ps were at first dependent on the creation and flexibly setting of the 1950s (Kent and Brown 2006). The model currently incorporates parts of humanism and psychological brain science (Hakansson and Waluszewski 2005 refered to in Kent and Brown 2006). Without promoting blend capacity different ideas, for example, client direction, contender direction and between utilitarian coordination would not have the option to add to all the more likely firm presentation, proposes Shin (2012) consequently featuring the essentialness of MM idea in the field of showcasing. Be that as it may, researchers don't concede to the elements of the showcasing blend. A few creators, for example, Borden (1964), Frey (1956), and Staudt and Taylor (1965) think about the components as systems, approaches and procedures, while others take a gander at these components as apparatuses, parameters or instruments (refered to b y Waterschoot and Bulte 1992). This idea has been censured as it comes up short on a particular clarification of attributes, subsequently recommending that the idea has a significant blemish. The components of showcasing blend don't prompt any hypothesis advancement. Gronroos (1989) hypothesizes that the showcasing blend falsely constrains the extent of promoting the board as the idea proposes that advertising choices can be taken dependent on the 4 Ps (refered to by Bitner 1991). Since numerous creators are incredulous of this idea, the promoting blend will be assessed dependent on the typology of study in advertising structured by Hackley (2009). This typology has four covering classifications †useful, scholarly, moral and political investigate. Practical study The utilitarian evaluate would basically address whether the advertising blend idea works. Despite the fact that it is viewed as a significant apparatus, there is no accord over the qualification and understanding of t he functional use of the 4Ps of the MM factors (Kent and Brown 2006). The MM idea recommends that the purchasers are a homogeneous gathering of individuals with normal purchasing conduct (Bennett, 1997). Assets and abilities of the association are sorted out in a manner to fulfill client needs yet Bennett discusses whether the client acknowledges item advantages and properties similarly as the organization claims. The clients are not worried about the components of the showcasing blend and just look for fulfillment from the items and administrations. The reason for MM is to improve maintainability execution across monetary, natural and cultural pointers (Pomering, Noble and Johnson 2011). Customers anticipate that organizations should be all the more socially and earth dependable and report that they would want to buy from such associations. Nonetheless, there is a demeanor conduct hole in genuine purchaser buy, consequently inferring that organizations that will in general spotligh t on the MM factors don't accomplish the planned goals. Manageability through MM components may seem dissonant and empty except if supportability is tended to at the vision and mission level or at the corporate procedure level. The MM idea centers around the strategic and administrative parts of promoting and doesn't consider the social, authoritative, serious and monetary issues (Bitner 1991). The MM has been reprimanded for its momentary spotlight on deals and exchanges while subverting the drawn out social reasoning and brand value (Rafiq and Ahmed, 1995 refered to in Gordon, 2012). The idea has likewise been condemned f

Significant Locations In ‘The Picture of Dorian Gray’ - Literature Essay Samples

In his novel of 1891, ‘The Picture of Dorian Gray’, Wilde uses setting and location to explore not only the character and moral conscience of his protagonist but also the divides inherent within Victorian society as he contrasts the wealthy homes of Mayfair with the crowded poverty of London’s East End. The dissimilarities between locations so geographically close reflect the duality of Dorian Gray’s own identity while simultaneously raising questions as to the hypocrisy of aristocratic life towards the close of the nineteenth century. London, the setting for the majority of the novel, is throughout personified as something monstrous. Though most explicit in descriptions of the East End, where â€Å"this grey, monstrous London of ours† stretches out â€Å"like the black web of some sprawling spider†, it is present too even in scenes apparently without threat, its â€Å"dim roar† heard even from Basil Hallward’s studio, a location which seems to symbolise all innocence. Perhaps this was intended to show how inescapable the nature of the city is. Victorian society was much concerned with the ever-growing London and the looming threat which an expanding working class posed to the refined way of life enjoyed by the elite aristocracy and a London which seemed conscious and omnipresent could be a presentation of this fear. The idea of a sentient location is not unfamiliar to the Gothic tradition where old houses or castles often seem to display a personality or a mindfulness to cause harm. However, ‘The Picture of Dorian Gray’ breaks from convention by taking place not in a remote location but in the heart of a vast metropolis. This could be Wilde’s response to the changing fears of his audience, a world no longer afraid of isolation but of other people. Indeed, more rural and secluded locations – such as Dorian’s own Selby Royal and the surrounding countryside – are presented as ways of escape, even of redemption. It is there that James Vane is killed, thereby freeing Dorian from the threat of his revenge. It is in a small orchard where Dorian decides that he is â€Å"going to alter† and subsequently begins his â€Å"reformation†. Thus the novel reverses the traditional Gothic concepts of danger and safety, bringing the fear closer to the reality of the readers. Location is also used throughout the novel to mirror Dorian’s fall from grace. He is first encountered, â€Å"untouched†, in the prelapsarian enclosure of Basil Hallward’s studio and garden. However, as his sin increases, the novel follows him to Whitechapel and the docks, â€Å"the sordid shame† of the city. This descent into sin echoes the fall of Lucifer, or perhaps Belial. Following this interpretation, Basil’s garden is a representation of heaven. This is evidenced by the abundance of beauty present. The description is sensory, lingering especially on the sense of smell with talk of â€Å"delicate perfume†, â€Å"rich odour† and â€Å"heavy scent†. This creates a near-overwhelming sweetness which is later mirrored in the â€Å"heavy odour of opium† which fills the air of a Whitechapel den. While the scent of opium is known to be both sweet and floral, it lacks the connotations of purity associated with actual blossom s and instead suggests corruption. This could suggest that Dorian is attempting unsuccessfully to replicate the paradisaical nature of his youth which his since escaped him. The two locations are, however, contrasted in their colours. Basil’s garden is depicted in light, bright colors, from â€Å"pink-flowering† plants and â€Å"honey-coloured† blossoms to the â€Å"blue thread† of a dragonfly. Whitechapel, on the other hand, is filled with â€Å"grey-flannel mist† broken by â€Å"orange, fan-like tongues of flame†. These create a more hellish aspect, one of fire and darkness rather than growth and light. It could be considered that this is a place of death, where Basil’s garden is a place of life. The people themselves also demonstrate the heaven/hell divide of the locations. The key figure in the opening Eden is, in fact, Dorian himself, the very image of classical beauty with his â€Å"passionate purity†. Contrastingly, the people of the East End are often dehumanized in their presentation, described as â€Å"monstrous marionettes†. This nightmarish vision lends unreality to the East End and its people, their â€Å"fantastic shadows† making it seem more an underworld in the mythological sense than in terms of class and law. This development from the pure and perfect setting of the opening of the novel to the dark and hellish end demonstrates for the reader the change in Dorian’s situation, his metaphorical shift from angelic to demonic. Furthermore, the settings within the novel could be seen to be an exploration of the duality of Victorian society. The divide between East and West London allows Dorian to live his double life, shifting identities as he passes from one to the other. This could be seen to demonstrate the hypocrisy of high society as they criticize the uncouth and criminal nature of those who dwell in poorer neighborhoods but make the most of the freedoms those offer to they themselves. Perhaps more noticeably, it illustrates the divide between the classes, with the people of the lower classes being seen as steeped in sin and scarcely human whilst the aristocracy exist in a more refined atmosphere. The proximity of these two worlds, separated geographically only by a few miles, emphasizes this contrast and suggests a denial on behalf of the gentry of the world outside their window. Their proximity in the text works along similar lines. For example, Chapter XVI sees Dorian visiting an opium den by the d ocks while the chapters both before and after depict Mayfair homes and drawing rooms. This could be seen to illustrate the duality of society, providing a direct comparison and showing with what ease Dorian moves from one to the other. Their very closeness emphasizes the fear felt by many Victorian aristocrats that the working class was a threat hanging over them, a growing danger to their way of life. Additionally, it is only in the East End that people see Dorian for what he is: a man corrupt. Though there are â€Å"whispered scandals† and â€Å"strange rumours† about him in the West End clubs, these words suggest that they are unsubstantiated, mere speculation. Indeed, few ever appeared able to entirely believe these stories as there was â€Å"something in the purity of his face that rebuked them†. This purity does not appear to affect the people of the East End, who openly insult him, declaring him â€Å"the Devil’s bargain†. Perhaps then it could be said that the people from the lower, darker parts of London see the truth more clearly; they are closer to reality. This is seen again in the way they are almost always portrayed outside, people of the streets rather than of indoor rooms. They are experiencing the world rather than shutting it out. In the West End, however, the novel almost always focuses on the indoors, on drawing rooms, parlors and ballrooms. A layer of etiquette and gentility hangs over everything. It could then be said that the people of the upper classes are detached from reality whereas the lower classes or not. Similarly, Dorian’s beauty and charm hiding his corruption parallels the beauty and charm of the homes of the aristocracy, perhaps a subtle commentary on the darker secrets concealed by the outer appearances of Victorian Society. In conclusion, the locations of the novel – most notably, London – can be seen as an illustration of the fears of much of Victorian society at the time. The city seems a living thing, consciously allowing sin and danger to encroach upon the lives of those who might otherwise be kept apart from it, chiefly the upper classes. The East End and all that goes with it by way of corruption and unpleasantness becomes increasingly present to the point of seeming almost inescapable towards the conclusion of the novel. In this way, Wilde plays on the fears of his readership at the time in order to bring the Gothic out of the distant past and into the modern world.

Personal Narrative Essay Samples Free

Personal Narrative Essay Samples FreePersonal narrative essay samples free may be accessed from anywhere via the internet. Since all these sites offer a huge array of different themes they have it so that you can select the one that is right for you. The more you work with these samples the more familiar you will become with each of them and the easier it will be to make your own.Remember not to let the samples become too overwhelming at first. Try to make the words flow easier and more naturally as you progress. You want to start off with writing just a few paragraphs and really let it flow. Write down the ideas in your head and use your imagination and you will soon get a general idea of what kind of a personal narrative essay sample that you should be using.Many of the great ones are very personal. They take on subjects like poetry, history, favorite movies or songs, or even poems and music. Some of them even show the writer at work. Some come complete with stories are always good because they will encourage you to think about your future and about how you will be able to live your life.Some of the personal narrative essay samples free may include poems, short stories, games, musical pieces, poetry, and songs. Even some of the games may include some sort of real life scenarios. There are also some that are very unique, such as the children's picture book that is a blend of reality and fiction. You could mix and match things that are personal and artistic and find one that is appropriate for you.There are a number of free samples that are known as 'quick' samples. These samples are generally not as exciting as the other ones because they are written in short stories or poems. This is usually a good one to use if you are new to writing because it gives you a little sample that you can use.Another free sample is the creative nonfiction piece. This is another example of a personal narrative essay sample. This sample provides you with a way to improve your writin g skills and is a wonderful introduction to the world of writing.For most beginners who are just starting out and are beginning to work on their writing skills they can use these samples. If you are unsure which ones to choose to look at the suggestions and go from there. If you can read a sentence or two, you will be on your way to improving your writing skills and making your writing better than ever before.

Dissociative Identity Disorder And Schizophrenia - 893 Words

Roy Blunt, American politician, once said, â€Å"People with mental health problems are almost never dangerous. In fact, they are more likely to be the victims than the perpetrators. At the same time, mental illness has been the common denominator in one act of mass violence after another.† There is a misconception that mental disorders such as dissociative identity disorder and schizophrenia are the same. Today’s society often see all mental disorders as one, however, they are very much different. If one was to say someone with multiple personalities is the same as someone who has hallucinations and/or has delusions, they are incorrect, which is why in specific cases such as schizophrenia, the legal term â€Å"not guilty due to mental disorder† should be valid. Schizophrenia, unlike most disorders, is a standout amongst the most genuine of the mental disorders. It is known that one in a hundred individuals are affected by it, and starts in either youth or early adulthood. Schizophrenia brings social interruption, anguish and hardship to the individuals who experience the ill effects of it, as well as to their family. Under those circumstances, it is known to be the most devastating of all disorders. There are both negative and positive symptoms when it comes to dealing with schizophrenia. Despite the fact that there are various negative indications, the most present one is limitations or absence in thoughts and behaviours that are characteristics in normal functioning. For thisShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder, Schizophrenia, And Dissociative Identity Disorder Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagesmovie is full of twists, turns, and psychological disorders. The main character in the movie, Anna, witnessed her mother dying. From this tragic event, she developed multiple psychological disorders. The main three that this paper will be elaborating on are Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Schizophrenia, and Dissociative Identity Disorder. 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The disorders most often form in kids victim to long-term physicalRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Illness With Information1007 Words   |  5 Pagesbursting with power. It comes completely conscious, with state-of-the-art lobes, but doesn’t come without occasional issues. 25% of our population suffer from some form of mental illness (Klevorick). These disorders can range from mild anxiety to a more crippling mental illness known by many, schizophrenia. The big question here is why are mental illnesses feared? When every other part of your body gets sick, one can get sympathy, except the bra in (Wax). 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Thus, there is an evidence that Frankie has disruption of identity characterized by three distinct personality states (DSM-V, p. 292). The alterations in behavior, consciousness, perceptions and cognitions are clearly observed by Dr. Oz. Moreover, there are other scenes in the movie, which demonstrate that other

Immaculate Conception Of The Virgin Mary - 2088 Words

â€Å"Immaculate conceptions do happen-† said Grandmother. â€Å"It happened when Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary. â€Å" Clara Christopher Harris was raised a devout Catholic; she attended Mass daily until she got into her seventies and was not able to attend on a regular basis. Having been raised to see the best in people, she looked to the positive side of things; her empathy extended past the elite society of Charleston- and, where her sympathies were concerned, there were no exclusions- whether you were rich or poor. â€Å"Now, Clara Belle, you know good and well that the only immaculate rapture that young woman experienced was when she laid down and spread her legs for that young man,† said Grandfather. Clara Harris was surprised that her husband would say such a thing in the presence of his granddaughter; she gave him a stern look and chided him gently. Grandfather harrumphed. â€Å"Excuse my bluntness, Allie; I forget myself at times,† her grandfather apologized. Henry Elijah Harris was a rowdy Virginian through and through. Born shortly after the Revolutionary War in which his father fought in and later died from injuries received thereof, he was reared by a widowed mother until his twelfth birthday when she too passed away. He then went to live with his father’s brother who was a fur-trader; he owned a trading post at the confluence of the Potomac River at Chesapeake Bay. His uncle died, leaving him the sole beneficiary of his business. Henry moved the business south into theShow MoreRelatedGiovanni Battista Tiepolos The Immaculate Conception779 Words   |  3 Pagesvisited so many places but the most important and interesting that I want to share with you is my visit to the MUSEO NACIONAL DEL PRADO museum in Madrid, which I get to see â€Å"The Immaculate Conception† artwork. It was created by a roman arti st Tiepolo, Giambattista during 1769-1769 in Rome Italy. Which shows the Virgin Mary appears on the globe of the World and the crescent Moon, stepping on the serpent of Original Sin and crowned by the Dove of the Holy Ghost. She is surrounded by angels and by someRead MoreThe Birth Story Of Jesus And Interpreting It Today1197 Words   |  5 Pagesit is perplexing how Mary, the mother of Jesus, miraculously conceived and bore a child as a virgin. On the surface it may seem that it can simply be explained as a one time, divine intervention by God, yet the details surrounding how this phenomenon occurred becomes much more complex after delving into the accounts of this event in the books of Matthew and Luke. There are many issues surrounding who and what the virgin Mary was in regards to her origins and the term virgin used to describe herRead MoreEssay A Comparison of Christmas in America and Spain784 Words   |  4 Pages8th, with the Feast of the Immaculate Conception; and ends on January 6th, or El Dia de los Reyes Magos (3 Kings Day). In between this time period there are four other celebrations, including the Day of the Innocent Saints occurring on December 28th, â€Å"Nochebuena† (The Good Night) being celebrated on Christmas Eve, Navidad (Christmas) being celebrated on Christmas Day, and Nochevieja (The Old Night) being celebrated on New Years Eve. The Feast of the Immaculate Conception is a celebration that is practicedRead MoreMythology in The Virgin Suicides561 Words   |  3 Pagesconjures up universal feedback. In the case of â€Å"The Virgin Suicides† by Jeffrey Eugenides one of the archetypes that we see play out throughout the novel is the one of The Virgin Mary. The Virgin Mary in â€Å"The Virgin Suicides† represents a sense of foreshadowing at the beginning and towards the end of the book, provide an allegory between the Libson girls and The Virgin Mary, and help deeper define the Libson girls. The Virgin Mary symbol in â€Å"The Virgin Suicides† foreshadows events that will play outRead MoreThe Birth Of Jesus And The Gospel Of Luke2259 Words   |  10 PagesGospel of Luke, various characters were mentioned which included, Mary, Joseph, Caesar Augustus, angel Gabriel, angels, Shepherds, Simeon, Anna, Zechariah. The Birth Narrative, became known through the announcement of the immaculate conception, with an angel announcing to Mary a women engaged to Joseph that she was to bear a child whom he shall be the son God. Mary was claimed to be puzzled by this announcement because she was a virgin but the angel Gabriel tried to make her understand it was throughRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci : An Artist965 Words   |  4 Pagesreceived no formal education, da Vinci was able to understand the engineering behind many of his designs, some of which included the tank and crossbow (on a larger scale). As an artist, some of his ideal works included Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and Virgin of the Rocks. Leonardo da Vinci was employed by the Sforza family where he worked for them as their architecture and military advisor as well as a painter and sculptor. After working with the Sforza family for many years, da Vinci carried on withRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The United States922 Words   |  4 Pages Mary has appeared 9 major approved times by the Catholic Church. She appears in times of trouble to urge people to recommit themselves to the church and inspire the conversion of sinners to Christianity. Paragraph on Marian Apparitions, the 9 sites One of these modern apparitions of the Virgin Mother was in Banneux, Belgium in 1933. 1929 saw the Wallstreet Crash in the United States which prompted the Great Depression. This dramatic downfall of the United States’ economy had repercussions inRead MoreA Paper On Art Appreciation838 Words   |  4 Pagesof Science degree in Marketing. By: James Urquhart Date: 02/10/16 Course: Art Appreciation Semester: Fall Words: 1273 (Not including cover page or reference page) Museum Project The Louvre: ‘The Louvre’ is the museum I researched, and ‘Virgin of the Rocks’ is the painting I decided to choose. The Louvre Museum is the largest in the world, and is situated in Paris, France. Around 35,000 objects are exhibited over an area of around 40 square miles. The Louvre is also the second most visitedRead MoreThe Protestant Reformers And The Catholic Church1500 Words   |  6 PagesChristian Life of Devout Catholics During the Medieval Era, the life of a devout Catholic consisted of regularly partaking of Eucharist, confessing sins at least once each year and reflecting on the saints of the church, especially the Blessed Virgin Mary. Subsequently, the rules for partaking of daily communion were declared by the Congregation of the Council Sacra Tridentina Synodus in 1905. The declaration reads â€Å"Frequent and daily Communion . . . should be open to all the faithful . . . soRead MoreMy First Experience Of A Roman Catholic Church1585 Words   |  7 Pagesmass before. I did not know what to expect or who I was going to meet. But, I knew the only way I could truly experience what Catholicism is all about, is if I go in, with an open mind set. The church that I visited was the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception located in Camden ,New Jersey. My trip was on Wednesday, July 19, 2017 at 12:05 pm. I chose this place not only because it is close to where I live. But, growing up, I have walked past this church multiple times and not once, have I opened

Beloved by Morrison Essay - 1149 Words

Beloved by Morrison Beloved is the tale of an escaped slave, Sethe, who is trying to achieve true freedom. Unfortunately, though she is no longer in servitude to a master, she is chained to her hainted past. Morrison effectively depicts the shattered lives of Sethe, her family, fellow former slaves, and the community through a unique writing style. The narrative does not follow a traditional, linear plot line. The reader discovers the story of Sethe through fragments from the past and present that Morrison reveals and intertwines in a variety of ways. The novel is like a puzzle of many pieces that the reader must put together to form a full picture. Through this style, which serves as a metaphor for the broken lives of her†¦show more content†¦About twelve yards beyond that nigger was another oneÂâ€"a woman with a flower in her hat. Crazy too, probably, because she too was standing stock stillÂâ€"but fanning her hands as though pushing cobwebs out of her way (175). By telling the narrative from so many points of view, Morrison is able to connect the lives of her characters through shared memories, memories that bind people together in a shadowed present. The memories become even more haunting and real, when Morrisons characters depart from traditional story-telling and reveal their stories through stream of consciousness or verse. In book two, Sethe remembers dramatic episodes from her life in bits and pieces, through thoughts and emotions. Morrison even types the text in a disjointed way with unusual spaces between sentence fragments. Sethe also speaks to Beloved in verse, but within the text the voices of Beloved and Sethe become one. You are my face; I am you. Why did you leave me who am you?; I will never leave you again; Dont ever leave me again; You will never leave me again; You went in the water; I drank your blood; I brought your milk (256). Another literary device Morrison uses is the flashback. She writes in a style similar to t he way Quentin Tarantino directs movies, with powerful flashbacks clouding the distinctions of time. Sethes memories of the murder of Beloved, being raped, having her breast milk taken from her, and herShow MoreRelatedBeloved, Beloved By Toni Morrison1774 Words   |  8 PagesToni Morrison’s novel, Beloved, Beloved is an enigmatic character. Throughout the novel, it is implied that Beloved is a reincarnation of Sethe’s dead child. However, Beloved is not just a physical embodiment of Sethe’s dead baby. Instead, Beloved is a representation of slavery and the suffering associated with slavery. Morrison displays that Beloved is a representation of slavery by the conversations and thoughts characters have about Beloved. Morrison also displays Beloved as a representation ofRead MoreBeloved, By Toni Morrison1571 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novel, Beloved, written by Toni Morrison, many themes and symbols played a crucial role when analyzing a variety of different c haracters. One specific theme that has had an everlasting effect between characters and relationships throughout the novel is the transformation of the theme thick love. The idea of love in Toni Morrison s Beloved is a complicated subject to understand. If love wasn t hard enough to figure out, it is made more complex through the evils of slavery during this timeRead MoreBeloved by Toni Morrison1455 Words   |  6 Pagesthese hardships to light and shed insight on the pain and suffering of slaves, narratives such as, Incidents in The Life Of A Slave Girl..by Harriet Jacobs,The narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Novels such as Beloved by Toni Morrison blend the slave narratives with fiction highlight the life after slavery and the struggle faced by former slaves to adjust their lives to freedom. According to Paul E. Lovejoy’s ‘Freedom Narratives’ of Transatlantic Slavery, he states thatRead MoreBeloved, By Toni Morrison Essay1576 Words   |  7 PagesMorrison’s novel Beloved, I could not help but feel shocked and taken aback by the detailed picture of life she painted for slaves at the time in American history. The grotesque and twisted nature of life during the era of slavery in America is an opposite world from the politically correct world of 2016. Morrison did not hold back about the harsh realities of slavery. Based on a true story, Toni Morrison wrote Beloved about the life of Sethe, a slave and her family. Toni Morrison left no stone unturnedRead More`` Beloved `` By Toni Morrison Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pages Distinguished African-American novelist, Toni Morrison, in her notoriously suspenseful anachronic masterpiece, Beloved, tells the story of a fugitive slave named Sethe who escaped from the Sweet Home plantation in Kentucky to Cinc innati, Ohio, a free state. She lives freely with her husband’s grandmother for twenty-eight days until the slave masters come to capture her. Frightened, she attempts to murder all of her children to prevent them from living a life of dehumanized servitude but only succeedsRead More`` Beloved `` By Toni Morrison2097 Words   |  9 Pages â€Å"Beloved† by Toni Morrison is a historical/fictional novel that deals with the idea of the supernatural and the repercussions of slavery towards a society and the individual persona. The novel explores the wreckage slavery brings upon its characters in all senses of the self. They have been freed from slavery but the psychological trauma endured remains constant; leading them to do the unthinkable. In the novel Morrison utilizes the character of Beloved to represent the ghost of slavery in anRead MoreToni Morrison s Beloved And Beloved1376 Words   |  6 PagesToni Morrison brings another surprise to the story of Beloved. The addition of character Beloved conceals whole meaning Morrison tries to conduct to the readers. So far, character Beloved is portrayed as an innocent, pure, yet egotistic girl. Beloved also presumably the incarnation of Sethe’s dead baby, whose tomb is engraved Beloved. Morrison offers supernatural element in the story to create mysterious an d spooky atmosphere, which raise curiosity and excite readers even more. Beloved is seenRead MoreBeloved by Toni Morrison622 Words   |  3 Pages In the novel Beloved by Toni Morrison, Morrison has created two very powerful characters: Denver and Beloved. Denver and Beloved are sisters, but in a sense, they werent always. It used to just be Denver and her mother, Sethe, that lived together in a house. That house was passed down to them by Denvers grandmother, Baby Suggs, which was given to her by a white couple who were out to help the blacks. Sethe and Denver were very content with the way things were. Sethe had a paying job as a cookRead MoreBeloved by Toni Morrison2137 Words   |  8 PagesToni Morrison explores the idea of slavery through her novel, Beloved, by using a variety of literary techniques and postmodern concepts. The idea of the rememory is a major theme throughout the novel that Toni Morrison uses to introduce the lives of Denver and Sethe and the idea of slavery. Rememory is the act of remembering a memory that happened in the past. Be loved, depicted as a ghost, exemplifies the idea of rememory for Sethe because she brings back many memories to Sethe’s mind. ThroughoutRead MoreBeloved by Toni Morrison769 Words   |  3 PagesBeloved is the character who lends her name to the title of Morrison’s novel, isnt really a flesh-and-blood character at all, she’s is a ghost. It is this fact that makes the presence of the character a symbol in terms of her effect on the narrative and the other characters so profound. For a ghost, Beloved exerts a ton and control over most of the characters, affecting nearly every part of their lives, their ability to live in peace, their ability to love one another, and to move on with their

Essay on Safety vs. Freedom - 772 Words

Why is America taking such drastic moves like putting full body scanners in airports? The truth of the matter is that America is willing to do what ever it takes to protect the lives of American people and their families. The sectaries of America say scanners violate their freedom of rights. However, these scanners were prudently designed with the privacy of the customers in mind by not giving them a hard drive, or putting memory and data storage in them. America has had 21 terrorist attacks, from 2000 to 2009 consisting mostly of al-Qaeda and suicide bombers (infoplease.com). Osama Ben Laden, leading al-Qaeda’s attacks is fed up with the way America treats the world. Blaming America for global warming and determined to stop them by†¦show more content†¦A horrible invasion of privacy! US citizens should be able to travel in their own country without giving up their basic freedoms!† posted by Michael V. April 9, 2009 (News Week). And, â€Å"I think the biggest invasion of privacy would be me and my belongings being scattered from 30,000 feet because somebody was able to smuggle a bomb aboard the plane.† posted by Tommy (Blue View). In addition, â€Å"Great, anything to make us safer! If you don’t like it, take a train.† posted by Andy on April 9, 2009. Avoiding unpleasant feelings of insecurities, the customer cannot see the employee behind the scanner or the employee see the customer. In addition, no one else but a single employee sees the imaged body. The image taken cannot be saved for later viewing, so the potential for exploitation is impossible. There are not people behind a closed-door laughing at images of naked bodies. There are obvious pros and cons of the scanner, which in my opinion does not come down to our naked images. This is America after all, home of Hue Hefner, and playboy. I don’t see the big deal with one hidden person taking a scanned image of a body that lasts only a few seconds then moves on to the next customer. These scanners are not meant to harass or annoy people rather, save lives. Currently, customers can choose to use a metal detector if they are not comfortable with the full body scanner. If the option remains, there should not be aShow MoreRelatedEssay on Terrorism: Safety vs Freedom 1841 Words   |  8 Pagesprofiling is not new, but many feel worse than ever in today’s anti-Muslim society. This habit of losing civil liberties in the wake of terror is to some an unnecessary change that is unallowable, but leaves many wondering if we should sacrifice our freedom for safety. The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, revealed a deficiency in the procedures of the airline security system. In an effort to address these concerns the â€Å"War on Terror† (Winterdyk/king, 2010) was born. This unleashed a new style ofRead MoreSafety vs Freedom of Speech Essay711 Words   |  3 Pagesmany are urging Americans to â€Å"give up† some of their freedoms and privacy in exchange for safety. Regrettably, this wave of patriotism has spilled over, and is beginning to infringe on our fundamental liberties as outlined in the Bill of Rights. Since the September 11th terrorist attacks those who have made comments contrary to popular beliefs have prompted much debate about free speech. When America experiences some great trauma, our freedom of speech often faces its own trauma. Across the countryRead MoreThe Law Enforcement Interrogation Procedures1655 Words   |  7 Pages1966, a milestone in Law Enforcement interrogation procedures was established through the case of Miranda vs Arizona. In the case of Orozco vs Texas, just a couple years later in 1969, the guidelines established by Miranda vs Arizona changed the ruling of Reyes Arias Orozco who self-incriminated himself without being read his Fifth Amendment rights while being interrogated in his home. Orozco vs Texas effected interrogation procedures due to Orozco being interrogated inappropriately in his own bedRead MoreCase Study of Developmental Theories Essays1318 Words   |  6 Pagesnecessary for survival. Without these it is impossible for a human to function. The second level of the hierarchy is safety needs, which include, the need for security (financially, personally), health and wellbeing, stability and freedom from fear. This level can only begin to be achieved after the first level is fulfilled. This level is generally achieved during childhood. Without safety needs, people can experience disorders such as posttraumatic stress and a lower standard of living. The third levelRead MoreThe United States Of America851 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States of America is a state full of mixtures of beliefs on politics and much more. As a state, we started out with very traditional values in our culture. Our culture is focused on many things such as freedom but we are preoccupied with our rights due to the freedoms which puts limits on what we do as a state. Being a traditional state, we started out as a materialistic mind set rather than post-materialistic. As the United States has aged, the people and culture have changed to a moreRead MoreThe Civil Liberties Of The United States Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesCivil liberties is the individual rights and freedoms that government is obliged to protect, normally by not interfering in the exercise of these rights and freedoms. However, over the years the rights for the people have either have become open and free or it has become restrictive. The bill of rights in terms of scope in civil liber ties protection has changed by three paths such three paths are increased in authority of federal government, the Supreme court shifted its interpretation of constitutionalRead MoreAnalysis of The Brown vs. Education Case and The Little Rock Nine1222 Words   |  5 Pagestreated differently by color in schools in the 1960’s; Brown vs. Education and Little Rock Nine are two examples. There are many more examples of how kids were treated in the 1960’s but these are the most known and they show how people were treated. In the North most public schools were not segregated and in the South they were very segregated, very racist, and had segregated public schools. People were rioting and fighting for the freedom that America had promised them. Black parents wanted theirRead MoreUs Bill of Rights First Amendment1740 Words   |  7 Pagesto, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of the Press, Right to Assemble and Petition the Government to address Citizen’s Grievances. Here is a summary of three important and controversial â€Å"U.S. Supreme Court Cases.† All of which posed serious challenges to the â€Å"First Amendment† to â€Å"The Bill of Rights.† The first of the Supreme Court cases I will summarize, a landmark decision dealing with the right to â€Å"Freedom of the Press.† The petitioner in this case was Nebraska Press Association, et al. vs. StuartRead MoreProtecting Life, Liberty, and Property in the Bill of Rights848 Words   |  4 Pagesprotection. The writers intention of the Bill of Rights was to ensure the safety of citizens rights without them being violated. Most amendments apply in daily life, but it might not show. The First amendment, freedom of speech, amendment two, the right to bear arms, and amendment four, protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures. These three amendments are a major factor in daily lives for citizens. Amendment one, freedom of speech is a very important factor for all citizens to have. AmendmentRead MoreVaccinations And Other Medical Interventions1203 Words   |  5 Pagesproduced a net savings of $1.38 trillion in health care costs in the USA alone. Others have credited a nearly 20 years increase in the life-expectancy in the USA to vaccines. Bill Gates has called vaccines MAGIC . Vaccines boast an impressive safety record, higher than for many other widely practiced medical interventions like say angioplasties. With the newer vaccines complication rates have declined to the order of 1: 1,000,000. Newer vaccines are completely free of Mercury (Thimerosal)

Brand/Product Extension Marketing Plan

Questions: Describe the segment(s) of the market you will compete in and what your target(s) are. What geographical region(s) will you compete in (e.g. local area, state, national, regional or global)? What demographic profile(s) will your target customers have (e.g. age, gender, family size, income, occupation, education)? What psychographic profiles will your target customers have (e.g. beliefs, attitudes, cultural backgrounds)? Are there any behavioural traits for the target market (e.g. habitual buyers in this category, light-users, once-a- year buyers, impulse)? Is it a business-to business target market? Why? Classify the business in terms of geographical area; what derived demand will drive the market; nature of the buying transaction (tender); and quantity types (one or many). Explain the rationale behind why these are the optimal target market segments, for example: growing segment/new segment just emerging large segment will it provide large return on investment/large sales revenue? competitive gap in this area changing consumer habits have opened up new market. Explain what market targeting strategy you will use, and why? Undifferentiated/differentiated or concentrated/niche? What are your overall objectives? Explain your core marketing strategy to achieve these objectives. Developing strong brands Building on from the work you completed in previous weeks, this session looks at the developing strong brands. With reference to Appendix 1 in Kotler et al. (2013, p. 627) and the contents of a marketing plan (Kotler et al. 2013, p. 79), consider the following areas in relation to your product. The product Describe your product/service including its key features and benefits. Describe your augmented product/service. Identify the classification of your product/service. Work through and explain any relevant product attributes. Discuss your product branding. Explain packaging/labelling decisions. The brand Describe your branding strategy including: brand positioning brand name licensing (if required) brand repositioning (if required). Justify any market research you will undertake. Describe how you will test market your product. Explain any legal aspects that you must consider with your product (e.g. labelling, packaging, health issues). Answers: Introduction Market planning is a blueprint of market strategies that are used typically for enhancing the sales and revenues of the organization. It also focuses on the optimal utilization of the resources in the most beneficial way for getting the maximum output (Kotler et al. 2013). This report will be focusing on the market planning of Extra in creating a new flavor and development of strong brands through the product. Marketing Plan Geographical regions Since, Extra will be launching the new flavor of coca cola; it will be competing in the national market of United States. This is because, the coca cola flavor is a very common and in demand flavor of US (Itobe et al. 2012). Demographic regions Generally, the target customers will be belonging to children, teenagers and young people of both the genders. This is because; this brand of chewing gum is the first sugar free chewing gum with a long lasting flavor (Kotler et al. 2013). Since, the prices are very low and are easily available at all places, customers of any family size, income, education as well as occupation can have it. The new flavor of coca-cola it will simply attract the customers to have it (Lafon and Lawson, 2012). Psychographic profiles It was a myth among the people that chewing gums causes oral problems which is broken by Extra chewing gum. It is clinically proven that it gives a positive impact on the oral health by restoring the pH balance, cleans away the lodged food and remineralises the teeth attacked by food acids (Johnson and Miles, 2008). The attitude towards having chewing gum at early age will cause the decay of teeth had been broken with the launch of Extra chewing gum. So having new flavor of it along with refreshment will attract the potential as well as existing customers. Behavioral traits for the target market Generally, having chewing gum becomes a habit of the people. People generally have chewing gum for reducing bad breathe, after food as refreshment and as a relaxant for reducing tensions (Smith, 2012). But in contrast people think having too much chewing gum causes oral problem. This coca cola flavored chewing gum is devoid of such kind of oral causing problems and can be taken any time. Having new flavor of it will attract the habituated customers as well as new customers to try it. Business to business target market The creation and launching of coca cola flavored chewing gum is a business to business target market. This is due to the demand of chewing gums in US is comparatively high so launching of new flavor will help in attracting new customers as well as hold back the old and loyal customers (Martnez-Pabon et al. 2013). Customers generally buy this chewing gum in medium quantities for the daily purpose use. Rationale behind the optimal target markets The market of chewing gum in todays world is rising in a considerable rate since the old myth of tooth decay caused by chewing gums has been broken. It gives a huge return to the company and has high sales revenue (Rickman et al. 2012). The main aim of the company is to provide the Customers with new flavors to hold back the growing market. Market targeting strategy The marketing strategy that will be used is undifferentiated marketing since the launch of single product will be targeting the whole market. The benefit of this strategy is that the products are produced in a huge mass and can be sold to the customers at low prices (Swoboda and Temple, 2013). Since, the sales volume will be high; the profit margins will also be high. Overall objectives The objective of the company is to gain profit and have huge sales of the new product. Moreover, it also aims satisfying the customers with the new flavor that will help in attracting the customers and increasing the customer database (Abrishami and Kolahi, 2013). Core marketing strategies For achieving these objectives, the core marketing objectives are the growth strategies and innovation strategies (Kresge and Melanson, 2014). The market will be captured and therefore the customer database will also be increased through innovation of new flavors. Developing strong brands Key features and benefits of the product The product that Extra is planning to create is the coca cola flavored and sugar free chewing gum (Smith, 2012). This product is very good for oral health as it neutralizes the plaque acids keeping the teeth stay protected from decay. Augmented product Apart from having coca cola flavor, this product will be made sugar free and will be gum based for preserving the flavor for a long time. Natural color will be used and the ingredients will be all natural and will be totally a vegetarian gum (Lafon et al. 2012). It will be a coca cola bottle shaped product that will help customers to know about the flavor beforehand. Classification of product Since, the product aims for all the customers irrespective of age, sex, occupation and education, so products are classified under the healthy oral habits of having chewing gum. Product attribute This chewing gum is easily digestible if swallowed and will not cause any future health problem. Moreover if it sticks to the clothes also, it can be easily removed without staining the clothes (Martnez-Pabon et al. 2013). These added attributes will easily attract the customers who fear of having chewing gum due to swallowing it accidentally. Product branding The product will be branded under the habits of having healthy chewing gum for the sake of oral health along with refreshment (Rickman et al. 2012). This will obviously help in increasing the sales revenue as the customers will find the twin in one benefit within a single product. Packaging and labeling decisions The packaging and labeling is done in such a way that it doesnt add any toxic materials to the environment. The products are wrapped within the paper wrappers that can be recycled for future use and do not add toxic wastes to the environment (Abrishami and Kolahi, 2013). This will help in attracting the customers to a huge extent since with the increase in health consciousness; customers have also become environmental friendly. Branding strategy Extra chewing gum already exists in the market so the new chewing gum will be repositioning in the existing market through its new flavor and oral care benefits (Kresge and Melanson, 2014). The brand name will be same only with an addition of approval given by the Dental health association for the health conscious people. Market Research Market research will be essential to see the level of acceptability and enthusiasm of the people regarding the product (Kotler et al. 2013). A quantitative market research will be done to the customers for seeing their reaction regarding the new product. Test marketing the product For test marketing the product, the company will be providing free samples of the chewing gum to the people as a complimentary to the customers buying products in the supermarket and malls (Swoboda and Temple, 2013). Seeing their reaction and satisfaction on having the product will help in understanding the market. Legal aspects The customers are now days becoming very much health conscious including oral health. So, the products are so made to keep up to level of maintenance of oral health. The legal aspects like labeling and packaging the products will be done in such a way that it will not hurt the sentiments of the customers (Johnson and Miles, 2008). Moreover, the health issues also need to remembered and the company should keep the promise of maintaining oral health of the customers as promised. Conclusion The report has discussed vividly regarding the market plans of the new product for capturing the new customers and repositioning itself among the old customers. Moreover, the benefits, characteristics and attributes of the product are also discussed along with the packaging and branding of the new products. Reference List Books Kotler, Burton, Deans, Brown, and Armstrong, (2013)Marketing, 9th ed. Pearson education Journals Abrishami, M. and Kolahi, J. (2013) Mutanase-containing chewing gum: A new potential approach for prevention of dental caries,Dental Hypotheses, 4(2), pp.53- 55 Itobe, T., Kumazawa, K., Inagaki, S. And Nishimura, O. (2012) A New Approach to Estimate the Elution Characteristics of Odorants in Chewing Gum during Chewing,Food Science and Technology Research, 18(2), pp.295-302 Johnson, A. and Miles, C. (2008) Chewing gum and context dependent memory: The independent roles of chewing gum and mint flavor,Appetite, 50(2-3), pp.561-566 Kresge, D. and Melanson, K. (2014) Chewing gum increases energy expenditure before and after controlled breakfasts, Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab, pp. 45-78 Lafon, C. and Lawson, L. (2012) Gum chewing as a strategy to reduce the duration of postoperative ileus,Gastrointestinal Nurs, 10(3), pp.17-22 Martnez-Pabn, M., Duque-Agudelo, L., Daz-Gil, J., Isaza-Guzmn, D. and Tobn-Arroyave, S. (2013) Comparison of the effect of two sugar-substituted chewing gums on different caries- and gingivitis-related variables: a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial,Clinical Oral Invest, 18(2), pp.589-598 Rickman, S., Johnson, A. and Miles, C. (2012) The impact of chewing gum resistance on immediate free recall,British Journal of Psychology, 104(3), pp.339-346 Smith, B. (2012) Excellence in market access strategy: A research-based definition and diagnostic tool,Journal of Medical Marketing: Device, Diagnostic and Pharmaceutical Marketing, 12(4), pp.259-266 Swoboda, C. and Temple, J. (2013) Acute and chronic effects of gum chewing on food reinforcement and energy intake,Eating Behaviors, 14(2), pp.149-156.

Ufos (1530 words) Essay Example For Students

Ufos (1530 words) Essay UfosWe once believed that Earth is the only planet in the Universe that supports life. Today there is overwhelming evidence that not only suggests, but supports the very real possibility that we may share the Universe with other intelligent beings. I. Things in the Sky A. The First Documented Sighting B. The Fever Spreads 1. Pilot Encounters 2. The Lights in the Sky II. Dents in the Earth III. Unexplained Phenomenon A. The Writing on the Wall B. Geodes IV. What About Religion? A. The Christian Bible B. The Ancient Greeks C. The American Indian V. Conclusion We are not Alone. On June 24th, 1947 while searching for the remains of a downed Marine C-46 transport, lost somewhere in the Mount Ranier area, a young Idahoan businessman named Kenneth Arnold spotted something that would change his life forever. Just north of his position flying at an altitude of 9,500 feet and an unprecedented airspeed of 1,700 mph he spotted nine circular aircraft flying in formation. According to his estimate the aircraft were approximately the size of a DC-4 airliner ( Jackson 4). This account was the first sighting to ever receive a great deal of media attention. This sighting gave birth to the phrase flying Saucer coined by a reporter named Bill Begrette. Although not the first UFO sighting in history, Kenneth Arnolds account is considered to be the first documented UFO sighting. The following day Mr. Arnold discovered that in addition to his sighting there were several others in the Mount Ranier area that same day (Jackson 6). When most of think of UFO sightings we picture an unemployed, half- crazed, alcoholic hick living in a trailer park in the middle small town USA. Often times this description, although a little exaggerated, seems to fit fairly well. In the past when the average person spotted a UFO they were quickly discounted as a kook or con-artist in search of either attention or monetary reward. It wasnt until more reputable figures in our society began to come forward tha t we that we started looking at this issue a little more seriously. An article written 1957, entitled Strange lights over Grenada written by Aime Michel describes just such an account: At 10:35 p.m. on September the 4th, 1957 Cpt Ferreira ordered his wing to abandon a planned exercise and execute a 50 degree turn to port. Ferreira was attempting to get a closer look at what he described as brilliant, pulsating light hanging low over the horizon. When the turn was completed he noticed that the object had turned too. It was still directly over his left. There was absolutely no doubt that the orange light was shadowing the F-84s. For another 10 minutes, it followed the jets without changing direction or appearance. The pilots watched as four small yellow discs broke away from the large red object and took up a formation on either side of it. All at once the large luminous disc shot vertically upward while the smaller discs shot straight towards the F-84s. In an instant the flat disc sp ed overhead in a hazy blur and vanished. When Cpt Ferriera was questioned by Portuguese Air Force Investigators he was quoted as sayingPlease dont come out with the old explanation that we were being chased by the planet Venus, weather balloons, or freak atmospheric conditions. What we saw up there was real and intelligently controlled. And it scared the hell out of us. (32) This is only one of literally hundreds of pilot accounts that have been documented and cross verified by other sources. To date the Portuguese Government has taken no official position as to what the luminous discs were. The United States has had more than its fair share of unexplained aerial objects. In February of 1960 the N.A.A.D.S. (North American Air Defense System) spotted a satellite of unknown origin orbiting the Earth. They knew that it snt a Soviet satellite because it was orbiting perpendicular to trajectory produced by a Soviet launch. It also had a mass estimated at 15 metric tons, no evidence of bo oster rockets and traveled at speed three times faster than any known satellite. The satellite orbited for two weeks and disappeared without a trace. Before its disappearance, the object which appeared to give off a red glow, was photographed over New York several times (Jackson 19). Lights in the sky arent the only evidence that suggests we may have cosmic company. In the book A History of UFO Crashes, the author Kevin D. Randal gives detailed accounts of numerous UFO crashes in history. Perhaps the most famous of these crashes occurred on July 4th, 1947 in Roswell New Mexico. The crash at Roswell was witnessed from afar by over a hundred people. Until just recently, no one who was involved in the recovery operation was talking, but thanks to continued pressure from UFO enthusiast our government has begun to declassify much of its UFO related material. Perhaps more startling are than the government documents are the accounts given by local police and members of the recovery team. A ccording to one unnamed witness, a member of the Roswell recovery team: The crash site was littered with pieces of aircraft. Something about the size of a fighter plane had crashed, the metal was unlike anything Id ever seen before. I picked up a piece the size of a car fender with one hand, it couldnt have more than a quarter of a pound and no matter how hard I tried I couldnt even get it to bend. (10) In my opinion the most fascinating piece of evidence to come out of the Roswell crash is the alien autopsy film. Apparently there was more than bits and pieces of spaceship recovered at Roswell. There is an Air Force video account of an autopsy being performed on a life form that doesnt share the common characteristics of organ development found in life forms on this planet. The film is silent and labeled Autopsy, Roswell, July 1947 (Randal 17). As difficult as the Roswell evidence is to explain or discount it pales in comparison to the physical evidence left by our ancestors. An Ill ustration taken from a Nuremburg Broadsheet Tells how men and women saw a very frightful spectacle. At sunrise April 14th, 1561 globes, crosses and tubes began to fight one another, the event continued for about an hour. Afterward they fell to ground in flames, minutes later a black, spear like object appeared. In a Basal Broadsheet dated August 7th, 1566 large black and white globes are seen over Dasel, Switzerland. Both events occurred in a time period when there should have nothing more than birds and bees filling our skies. They each considered to be Divine warnings at the time (Gould 95-96). Ancient physical evidence isnt limited to newspaper illustration and sketches on cave wall. Perhaps the most stounding and unexplainable pieces of physical evidence are a pair of geodes. Both are believed to be approximately 1,800 years old and when carefully examined were identified as electrical cells. One of the cells which was discovered in Iraq was tested and produced 2 volts of electr icity. The other, which was discovered by a pair of Arizona rock hounds, was damaged when the sedimentary encrustation was being removed and therefore couldnt be tested Montgomery 221). Since the dawn of time man has told stories of heavenly and demonic beings coming to rule, teach, torment, seduce and provide salvation. Every culture has myths of ancient gods who strode through the heavens. The American Indians had the cachinas who taught them to farm and saved them from numerous cataclysms. Greece had Zeus who threw lightning bolts from his finger tips and Apollo crossed the sky in his golden chariot. The Christians have Ecclesiastes who encountered the ant people and rode through the skies with them from Babylon to Israel. Across the entire globe we find drawings on cave walls that resemble men in space suits and objects that greatly resemble flying saucers. The sacred artwork of the Hopi Indian when is without a doubt a representation of the waves produced by modern day oscillos copes (Montgomery 225-237). The Hopis are also native to the area where one of the electrical cells were found. It could be that these things are no more than mere coincidence, but I doubt it. Man in his arrogance is reluctant to believe that we may share Gods vast, glorious universe with other beings of intelligence. We sometimes fail to realize that if the Earth were a day old, the race of man would only have been here for 13 minutes. If you couple that with the fact that there are Black Holes and White Dwarfs millions of years older than our sun, it increases the improbability that we are the only ones out here. In the preceding text I have produced a limited sampling of the volumes of evidence available. I will close this paper on a quote from Ecclesiastes I:9 there is no new thing under the sun, and that includes intelligent life. 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Ch 3 The Mechanics of Change Essay Example

Ch 3: The Mechanics of Change Paper 3.8 The mechanics of change So far in this review, change has been discussed without explicitly providing a definition or nomenclature for what exactly is meant by the term. For example, within the neoclassical theory of production and consumption, economic change is something that is mostly thought of happening in a marginal fashion ‘little-bit by little-bit’ an idea reinforced at a more formalised level by the common analytical use of differential calculus. In this type of analysis, change occurs up and down demand and supply curves, expanding and contract output, adjusting to more efficient technologies and processes, with prices going up and down, as the system self-adjusts towards equilibrium. The main source where flexibility is limited is the case of fixed costs and plant size when moving between the short and long-run. At the macroeconomic level, change can be seen as movements along, or shifts in the production function, and expressed through aggregate measures such as the level and grow th rate of GDP, giving rise to notions such as the ‘steady-state’ growth rate with its accompanying policy recommendations. An alternative view of change is presented by the theory of path dependency, where a decision made today may preclude, or make it difficult, certain decisions tomorrow once a specific technological path has been established. For example witness the difficulty some countries, such as Germany, in moving away from nuclear power despite strong policy statements to do so. In this case change often takes on a qualitative dimension and is conceptualised as involving very non-marginal shifts in economic resources. As we move towards evolutionary theory, the definitions around change and its components become more refined. For example, while essentially meaning â€Å"change† McKelvey and Holmà ©n (2006:2-3) use the term economic transformation to mean: a non-reversible process, encompassing quantitative and qualitative changes in components and connections, driven by opportunities and innovations. Such economic transformation may well be driven by processes of complexity and self-organisation as well as processes of actors acting, adapting to contexts. Moreover, the concept of transformation, as used here, may result from very different processes, including ones driven by very large and discontinuous changes as well as ones driven by very small changes, which follow upon an existing trajectory. We will write a custom essay sample on Ch 3: The Mechanics of Change specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ch 3: The Mechanics of Change specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ch 3: The Mechanics of Change specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Less all-encompassing, Geels and Kemp (2006) in the same volume provide greater clarity still by distinguishing three different types of change according to its scope and underlying mechanisms: Reproduction is seen to be a type of incremental change occurring along existing trajectories. Reproduction only involves change at the regime level (Figure 3.7), not at the landscape or niche levels. The existing sociotechical system forms a stable context for the interaction of social groups. Existing rules are reproduced by incumbent actors and elements of the system are refined. The orientation of dominant actors, key technology and knowledge base do not change fundamentally. This situation at the regime level is stabilised by the high sunk cost of existing investments, role expectations in networks, regulations and standards, contracts and cognitive routines (rules of thumb). Despite changes being small, incremental innovations do occur and can result in major productivity improvements over time. Rosenberg (1982:62) describes a similar process: A large portion of the total growth in productivity takes the form of a slow and often invisible accretion of invisible small improvements in innovations () such modifications are achieved by unspectacular designs and engineering activities, but they constitute the substance of much productivity improvement and increased consumer wellbeing in industrial economies. The second category of change is transformation. This is change in the direction of trajectories involving action at the regime and landscape level, but with little influence from niches. Change in this area can be driven by exogenous landscape 164 changes which create pressure on the existing regime leading to a reorientation of innovative activities; or by endogenous changes in regime rules. For example, shifts may occur in technical problem agendas and visions underpinning goals and guiding principles of engineers and scientists; relative costs and incentive structures may be altered through regulations and policies, shifting the perceptions of where opportunities lie. This reorientation is not likely to occur in a mechanical way but be subject to negotiations, power struggles, and shifting coalitions of actors. In the face of growing pressure for change, incumbent actors are likely to downplay the need for transformation, which changes in social networks often vital to start the transformation process. New actors may help particularly to challenge existing assumptions and place issues on the problem agenda (Van de Peol, 2000) and by expressing concerns over negative externalities of the existing system, precipitate a response from within the regime (Van de Poel, 2003). However, these new players (or outsiders) do not develop competing technologies to replace the existing system, so the survival of the incumbent regime is not threatened, and it is they who enact the change in trajectory. Over time, a new system may grow out of the old one through cumulative adjustments. The third type of change is termed transition, and is a change describing the shift from one socio-technical system to another. This is seen to be a discontinuous shift to a new technological trajectory and encompasses interactions between niches, the regime and the landscape, to which incumbents are unable to adjust. For example, a change in the economic landscape may create major problems for incumbents in the existing regime. Unable to adapt through transformation, a window of opportunity opens for new innovations, which have developed in market niches to be carried forward by new social groups. The transition invokes shifts in the knowledge base, technologies, infrastructure, regulatory framework, consumer behaviour and social groups. If the new innovation breaks though and replaces the existing system, this will be accompanied by creative destruction and the downfall of some incumbent actors. Once the transition has taken place, a new period of dynamic stability and reproduction sets in. While it would be wrong to suggest that these meanings are universally attached to these words in the evolutionary literature (for example, â€Å"transition†, has been used to describe movement between two states of the same system); for the purposes of clarity, this review will follow the definitions set out by Geels and Kemp (2006). 3.9 The contribution of network or systems theory â€Å"System† is another word we have assigned implicit meanings to throughout this review without formally providing a definition. For example, we have used the neoclassical micro-economic utility and profit maximising market system of the individual or firm bounded by price and quantity; there is the macro-economic system inherent in the models of growth theory; and there are the sociotechnological systems conceptualised in the evolutionary, institutional approach of path dependency theory. While the â€Å"market-system† is often the core conceptual construct in which the action of economic life tends to take place, it is very often assumed to be simply â€Å"out there† and is very loosely defined, if at all in standard analysis. In the neoclassical model, markets are usually portrayed as the context within which the acts of buying and selling take place. In this market consumers and producers ‘optimise’ to make decisions taking as cues cost and price information which drives the economy to a unique equilibrium (Figure 2.1). Alternatively, if we view the economy as an â€Å"evolutionary system† where firms compete in struggle for profits or survival, then we need to specify the processes for variation, selection and replication. As pointed out by Coyle (2006:188) the adoption of such an evolutionary system as an analytical construct for the economy raises a number of questions, not least: what are the sources of change? What are the criteria for a variation to succeed in a given environment – how is â€Å"fitness† specified and what are the mechanisms for selection? How are â€Å"successes† passed onto other business units? What â€Å"units† should we be analysing – the firm? the manager? the market penetration of a product? How does the economic environment which shapes and constrains these actions evolve and how do the units interact with one another? To begin to address these questions, we will turn now to network or systems theory which has recently become a focus for economic research in this area (e.g. Beinhocker, 2007). This builds on a long tradition in physics, computer science, biology and sociology, and is underpinned by the work of the Hungarian mathematicians Paul Erdà ¶s and Alfrà ©d Rà ©nyi in the 1950s and 60s (for a review see Watts, 1999). The basic framework can be set out as follows: Consider the following object: Figure 3.4 A node Nodes are fundamental units of graph theory, which, in the abstract, can be treated as featureless and indivisible objects. Alternatively, they can also be assigned qualitative structure depending on the application they are being used for. For the purposes of this example, consider the node above as representing either an individual, social group, or firm: an economic agent. Put two nodes together and we have a basic system. Now, depending on the nature of the relationship between these nodes we can describe either a hierarchical network, or an interconnected network (Beinhocker, 2007: 155). Figure 3.5 Nodal relationships In the hierarchical system, a command node issues instructions to a subordinate node. Information regarding the outcome of these instructions will flow back to the command node through the subordinate node, but the instructions flow only one way. In an interconnected system, directions and response information can flow A node Hierarchical system Interconnected system 168 back and forth from either node. These basic systems can be built into something more complex: Figure 3.6 Two basic systems: hierarchy versus interconnectivity Within the hierarchical system, layers of command form from the top down, nodes further down the hierarchy receive commands from above, and then send response information back up the hierarchy to await further instruction. An advantage of a hierarchical system is that the density of connections are limited, thereby increasing the predictability of decision-making and enabling system-wide directional changes to be made more easily by the highest level command node. Consider a simple example: let us imagine each node represents an individual in an organisation, which has recently decided to implement a new strategic decision, say to adopt energy efficiency measures. If we take the figure above with 40 nodes, this means that in the extreme case of no hierarchy and a completely interconnected network, 1600 meetings would have to take place and everyone agree to the course of action with everyone else. Alternatively, in a hierarchical structure, a command is issued from the CEO which gets passed down through each layer of management which meets with their subordinates, agrees, then passes the information on to the Hierarchical system/network Densely interconnected system/network â€Å"edges† next layer and so on. In the case of the figure above we have one meeting between the CEO and his top lieutenants; then three meetings between these lieutenants and the lowest level of management who have nine meetings with their staff. All up 13 meetings are required to coordinate the entire system. On the other hand, the disadvantages of hierarchy are that information may degrade as it moves up and down the levels (think of a game of ‘Chinese whispers’), the highest command node may become out of touch with reality at the lowest levels, and a poor performer at the top can do a lot of damage to the system. Within a socio-economic context, examples of such structures might exist at the household level, in large corporations or government bureaucracies; or even extend to the entire economy, as in the case of the planned economy of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. In an interconnected network, there are no control nodes, instead each node communicates to the other nodes it is connected to which may or may not respond depending on their own characteristics. Information is decentralised and dispersed around the system travelling between nodes that are linked. A common way to explore such systems is by assigning nodes a value of 0 or 1 (no or yes, for example) dependent on a set of rules. Such Boolean networks, have been a focus for research, particularly the work of Stuart Kauffman and the Santa Fe Institute (Kauffman, 1993). In the social sciences, such interconnected networks have been used as a metaphor for the market economy, where individuals trade with one another as rational utility or profit maximising agents. The nature of network interactions is voluntary and reciprocal, decentralised and complex, so that it is impossible for any one agent to understand it in its entirety. An important corollary of this type of system is the 170 principle of subsidiary: that decisions should be made by the node which is affected by the outcome of that decision. This idea has been used to support the notion of free markets as the antithesis to a hierarchical command and control system defined by rules from above. For example, Hayek (1974) argues that the market system coordinates: †¦a sum of facts which in their totality cannot be known to the scientific observer, or to any other single brain. It is indeed the source of the superiority of the market order, and the reason why, when it is not suppressed by the powers of government, it regularly displaces other types of order, that in the resulting allocation of resources more of the knowledge of particular facts will be utilized which exists only dispersed among uncounted persons, than any one person can possess. Another important corollary of this type of analysis is as a way of quantifying network effects. In the neoclassical analysis these were modelled as network externalities: when the increased use of a good, increases the value of further usage. Classic examples include, establishing a telephone or fax machine network, or the QWERTY keyboard. Here the benefit to each successive customer of choosing one technological variant over another is greater the larger the number of users of that technology. Stuart Kauffman (1993) has used this logic to derive a theory which seeks to explain tipping or turning points. He argues that a transition phase is initiated in networks when the ratio of the number of edges or connecting relationships with the number of nodes is equal to one. At this point a network goes from being sparsely connected to densely connected. This type of analysis can then be used to model economic change not as a smooth linear process, as in the neoclassical model (based on calculus), but as a non-linear process. It has been used to explain why, for example, social networks on the internet suddenly take off and others do not; why the stock market is so volatile; why fashions emerge; and why political movements can swing from obscurity to popularity in a short space of time (e.g. Farrell, 1998). A related advantage of this logic is that it can also help explain the observation of path dependency. As discussed above, new technologies, especially in energy markets, often require a vast amount of complementary infrastructure, products and other services in the supply chain. Thus decisions to support a particular technological pathway can induce similar supportive decisions in other related networks. For example, the shift from the internal combustion engine vehicle to electric vehicles may be particularly costly and difficult due to the threat this posses to the established related industries of manufacturers, mechanics, engineers and labour unions. Within the evolutionary economic model the â€Å"selection environment† is taken as the market within which economic agents operate (Metcalfe, 1998). Much more than the neoclassical place of exchange and interaction between consumers and producers, in the evolutionary model this also includes everything else which goes into the formation of market institutions: governments, regulators, lobbyists from rival firms, environmental pressure groups, universities, international trade agreements, law courts, corporate governance, federal-state relations and the impact of politics and events such as natural disasters and wars – most of which the neoclassical model leaves as exogenous despite their profound impact on economic life. Here there is an important point of differentiation between economic evolution and the notion of evolution as applied to biology. In biology evolution is perceived as being a blind process driven forward by random variety upon which the selection environment acts upon – a process of â€Å"design without the designer† an emergent, self organising order with no role for a central organising intelligence (such as a God). However, with respects to social systems Beinhocker (2006:249) points out: there is nothing fundamental in the nature of the evolutionary algorithm that says intentionality and rationality cannot play a role, nor does anything say that the process must be completely random. At its core, evolution is an iterative process of experimentation, selection, and then amplification of things that work. What Beinhocker argues is that in human society evolution is a goal-oriented purposive process where we consciously try to effect evolutionary outcomes: whether this is to gain market share, win an election – or at the biological level simply to reproduce and pass on our genes. In the economy, this means consumers, producers, technologies and the market institutions of their selection environment all are seen to co-evolve. This means that in addition to the principles of variation, selection and replication, we need to add interaction in a self-adaptive system. People, firms and other institutions become caught up in a self-conscious and mutually reinforcing system as they seek to mould their selection environment. These notions have given rise to the concept of the techno-economic paradigm (Freeman and Louca, 2001), and reviewed by Coyle (2006:195): The firms in an industry shape their own environment through trade associations, lobbying, standard setting, links with universities, law suits and so on. Political action and the legal framework are vital to the environment. The law of tort and the limited liability company played a vital role in nineteenth century industrialisation, for instance. Cars and airplanes needed governments to build roads and airports, to set the rules of the road and run air traffic control. The shaping of the competitive environment is also cumulative the invention of computers gave birth to computer science, and computer scientists develop the new innovations in the computer industry. However, what was once a source to promote system change, as new technoparadigms spread into the economy, can also become a source of stability as these new agents start to put more effort into tailoring their environment, such as lobbying for protection from overseas competition, or tax concessions, rather than investing in new research and development. The inherent difficulty of change – be it at the individual or firm level – is what is behind Schumpeter’s notion of creative destruction – that the inbuilt resistance to change builds up until firms are no longer to control the environment around them and the system suddenly reaches a turning or tipping point which brings in a new competing system of economic actors (see Gladwell, 2000). From this discussion on systems, we have begun to draw together several strains of research which seek to understand the mechanics of economic change. While it is clear that there is not, as yet, any universal synthesis for this body of work as there is in the neoclassical model presented earlier –with different authors emphasising different faces of the same evolutionary processes using a variety of terminology we will now move onto a body of literature that does offer a framework for synthesising many of these concepts: Strategic Niche Management and its related Multi-Level Perspective. 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